Inc. Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus - Significance, Resolution Unconstitutional, No Narrowing Interpretation Possible, Impact

Board of Airport Commissioners of The City of Los Angeles, et al. Jews for Jesus, Inc., et al. That a resolution adopted by airport commissioners, banning all First Amendment activities within the central terminal area at Los Angeles International Airport, does not violate the First Amendment. James R. Kapel Jay Alan Sekulow Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day…

1 minute read

Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health - Significance, Right To Abortion Upheld, But Imperiled, Abortion Statistics, Further Readings

City of Akron Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Inc. That restrictions of a city ordinance on abortions performed during the second trimester of pregnancy do not violate a woman's right to abortion. The Akron Center for Reproductive Health countersued. Alan G. Segedy Stephan Landsman Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Burger, Thurgood Marshall, Lewis F. Powell, Jr. (writing …

less than 1 minute read

Alcee Hastings Trial and Impeachment: 1983 1989 - The Alleged Plot, The Trial, Phase Two, The Impeachment Trial, Hastings Rebounds

Defendant Alcee L. Hasting Crimes Charged: Trial: Conspiracy to solicit and accept money in return for unlawful influence in the performance of lawful government functions and for corruptly impeding due administration of justice. Impeachment: Fifteen articles detailing charges of conspiracy to accept a bribe and for making false statements and falsifying evidence throughout the investigation and t…

1 minute read

Allen v. Wright and Donald T. Regan v. Inez Wright - Significance, Questions Of Standing, Impact, Related Cases, Class Action Lawsuits

W. Wayne Allen, Donald T. Regan Inez Wright, et al. Petitioners claimed that although the suit sought declaratory and injunctive relief, the respondents did not have sufficient standing to bring suit since their children never applied for admission to any private school. Rex E. Lee, U.S. Solicitor General in case No. 81-970, and William J. Landers II, in case No. 81-757 Robert H. Kapp Warren E. Bu…

1 minute read

et al. v. W.R. Grace Anne Anderson and Beatrice Foods: 1986 - Taking On Two Giants, Verdict Is Thrown Out By Judge, Judge Denies Request For New Trial

Plaintiff: Anne Anderson et al. Defendant: W.R. Grace and Company, Beatrice Foods, Unifirst Company Plaintiff Claim: Contamination of public water resulting in deaths and serious illnesses Chief Defense Lawyer: Michael Keating Chief Lawyer for Plaintiff: Jan Schlictmann Judge: Walter Jay Skinner Place: Boston, Massachusetts Date of Trial: March 10-May 26, 1986 Verdict: The jury found W.R. Grace Co…

1 minute read

Arizona Governing Committee v. Norris - Significance

Arizona Governing Committee for Tax Deferred Annuity and Deferred Compensation Plans on behalf of deferred compensation and retirement plans Nathalie Norris, on behalf of employees receiving benefits from employee-sponsored retirement plans That the state's retirement plan did not violate the Civil Rights Act in paying lower benefits to women than to men, because of women's longer life expectancy.…

1 minute read

Arizona v. Hicks - Significance, Impact, Further Readings

Batson v. Kentucky - Significance, Selecting The Jury, The Decision, Broadened In Scope, Further Readings

James Kirkland Batson State of Kentucky That the state acted improperly in selecting a jury for Batson's trial. J. David Niehaus Rickie L. Pearson, Assistant Attorney General of Kentucky Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr. (writing for the Court), John Paul Stevens, Byron R. White Warren E. Burger, William H. Rehnquist Washington…

less than 1 minute read

Beaulah Mae Donald v. United Klans of America Inc. et al: 1987 - Klansmen Plot Racial Revenge Murder, Civil Suit Goes After Klan, Klan's Violent History Traced

Claimant: Beaulah Mae Donald Defendants United Klans of America Inc., Robert M. Shelton, Henry Hayes, Bennie Jack Hays, Thaddeus Betancourt, Frank Cox, William O'Connor, Teddy Kyzar, James Knowles Claim: That defendants were responsible for the murder of Michael Donald Claimant's Lawyers: Morris Dees, Michael Figures Chief Defense Lawyer: John Mays (UKA only) Judge: Alex Howard Place…

1 minute read

Bell v. U-Board of Education (32 ) - Significance, Performing Arts Censorship

Berkemer v. McCarty - Miranda Warnings, The Questioning Of Mccarty, Were Mccarty's Rights Violated?

Harry J. Berkemer, Sheriff of Franklin Country, Ohio Richard N. McCarty That police officers need not provide Miranda warnings prior to misdemeanor interrogations either at roadside traffic stops, in a patrol car, or at a police station and that McCarty's statements made during questioning at the police station should be admissible. Alan C. Travis R. William Meeks Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Bre…

1 minute read

Bernhard Goetz Trial: 1987 - The Defense Attacks, Effective Demonstration

Defendant: Bernhard Hugo Goetz Crimes Charged: Attempted murder, assault, reckless endangerment, and criminal possession of a gun Chief Defense Lawyers: Mark Baker and Barry Slotnick Chief Prosecutor: Gregory Waples Judge: Stephen G. Crane Place: New York, New York Dates of Trial: March 23-June 16, 1987 Verdict: Guilty of criminal possession of a gun; not guilty of all other charges Sentence: 1 ye…

2 minute read

Bethel School District No. v. Fraser (403 ) - Jeff Held Firm Convictions, Harsh Punishments For "obscene" Language, Students Are Persons Too

Bethel School District in Pierce County, Washington State Matthew Fraser, a student at Bethel High School School authorities should be permitted to discipline students that use language those authorities consider offensive. William A. Coats, Clifford D. Foster, Jr. Jeffrey T. Haley and Charles S. Sims Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Burger (writing for the Court), Sandra Day …

1 minute read

Rotary International v. Rotary Club of Duarte Board of Directors - Significance, Local California Rotary Chapter Creates "international" Incident, Membership Originally Open To Men Only

Board of Directors, Rotary International Rotary Club of Duarte That a California law prohibiting gender discrimination in business organizations violates the First Amendment right to freedom of association. Judith Resnik William P. Sutter William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Lewis F. Powell, Jr. (writing for the Court), William H. Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia, John Paul Stevens, Byron R. White…

1 minute read

Bob Jones University v. United States - Significance, Defining A Charity, Taxes And Religious Freedom, Private Institutions And Segregation, Further Readings

Bob Jones University Internal Revenue Service (IRS) That as a non-profit educational institution, it was entitled to tax-exempt status under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (IRC), and that the revocation of that status by the IRS--because of the school's policy of racial discrimination in admissions--constituted an abridgement of rights under the freedom of religion clauses …

1 minute read

Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp. - Significance, Teaching Americans To Use Condoms, Political Speech And Commercial Speech, When The Government May Regulate Commercial Speech

The United States Postal Service Youngs Drug Products Corporation The postal service should be allowed to ban the mailing of unsolicited advertisements about condoms. David A. Strauss Jerold S. Solovy, Robert L. Graham, Laura A. Kaster Harry A. Blackmun, Warren E. Burger, Thurgood Marshall (writing for the Court), Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, John Paul Stevens, …

less than 1 minute read

Boos v. Barry - Significance, The Split Over Part Ii, Parts Iii, Iv, And V, Foreign Embassies

Michael Boos, Bridget M. Brooker, J. Michael Waller, Father R. David Finzer Marian Barry, Mayor of Washington, D.C., and other officials of the District of Columbia That Section 22-1115 of the District of Columbia Code, which forbade the display of any sign within 500 feet of a foreign embassy if that sign brings the foreign government into "public odium" or "public disrepute," and also prohibited…

1 minute read

Booth v. Maryland - Significance, Victim Impact Statements, Further Readings

John Booth State of Maryland According to the Eighth Amendment, the petitioner's rights were violated because the jury was allowed to read a victim impact statement (VIS) during the sentencing phase of the trial. By allowing additional, unrelated information about how the crime impacted the family of the victim, the state had introduced prejudicial, inflammatory information which prompted the jury…

1 minute read

Bowers v. Hardwick - Significance, Powell's Swing Vote Changes The Outcome, Domestic Partnership Laws, Further Readings

Michael J. Bowers, Attorney General of Georgia Michael Hardwick That a state statute making sodomy a criminal offense does not violate the constitutionally protected right to privacy. Michael E. Hobs Laurence Tribe Warren E. Burger, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, Byron R. White (writing for the Court) Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, …

less than 1 minute read

Bowsher v. Synar - Significance, The Court Refines The Meaning Of Separation Of Powers, The Balanced Budget And Emergency Deficit Control Act

Charles A. Bowsher, Comptroller General of the United States Mike Synar, Member of Congress That a provision of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Reduction Program of 1985, giving budget-cutting authority--an executive function--to the comptroller general--a legislative branch employee--did not violate the principle of separation of powers. Lloyd M. Cutler Alan B. Morrison William J. Brenn…

less than 1 minute read

Brown v. Hartlage - Significance, Free Speech Or Buying Votes?, The Right To Be Wrong, Judgment And A Lone Dissenter

Carl Brown Earl Hartlage That the Kentucky Corrupt Practices Act, which prohibited candidates for public office in that state from promising any material benefit to voters if they were elected, was a violation of the First Amendment's protection of free speech. Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr. (writing for the Court), Warren E. Burger, Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Pow…

less than 1 minute read

Brown v. Thomson - Significance, The Battle For Equal Representation, Minority Opinion, Impact

Margaret R. Brown, et al. Thyra Thomson, Wyoming Secretary of State Wyoming's reapportionment plan to allocate one seat to Niobrara County in its House of Representatives was unconstitutional and substantially weakened the voting power of the plaintiff because it gave a small number of people "super" voting strength and totally disregarded a fundamental rule: one person, one vote. Suellen L. David…

1 minute read

N.J. Building Trades Council v. City of Camden - Significance, Further Readings

Building & Construction Trades Council of New Jersey City and Council of the City of Camden, New Jersey A municipal ordinance adopted under a statewide affirmative action program requiring bidders on city projects to reserve 40 percent of all jobs for local residents violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution. Steven K. Kudatsky N. Thomas Foster William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Bur…

1 minute read

California v. Carney - Is It A Car Or A Home?, It Is A Car, It Is A Home

State of California Charles R. Carney That the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is not violated when a police officer conducts a warrantless search of a mobile home. Louis R. Hanoian Thomas F. Homann Harry A. Blackmun, Warren E. Burger (writing for the Court), Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, Byron R. White William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, John P…

1 minute read

California v. Ciraolo - Significance, Unresonable Search And Seizure, The Liability Of Open Airspace, Impact

State of California Ciraolo The respondent's Fourth Amendment rights were not violated when law enforcement conducted aerial observation of his home and backyard which, in turn, resulted in his arrest and conviction for cultivating marijuana. Lawrence K. Sullivan Marshall Warren Krause Warren E. Burger (writing for the Court), Sandra Day O'Connor, William H. Rehnquist, John Paul Stevens, Byron R. …

1 minute read

California v. Greenwood - Significance, A Reasonable Expectation Of Privacy, Should The Fourth Amendment Protect Garbage?, Impact

State of California Billy Greenwood That a warrantless search and seizure of garbage placed at the curb for pickup does not violate the Fourth Amendment. Michael J. Pear Michael Ian Garey Harry A. Blackmun, Sandra Day O'Connor, William H. Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia, John Paul Stevens, Byron R. White (writing for the Court) William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall (Anthony M. Kennedy did not parti…

1 minute read

Chandler v. Florida - Cameras In The Courtroom, Does The Constitution Forbid Televised Coverage Of Trials?, Impact, Televised Trials

Noel Chandler State of Florida Televising trials without approval from the defendant denies that individual his due process rights and guarantees an unfair trial. Joel Hirschhorn Jim Smith Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Burger (writing for the Court), Thurgood Marshall, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, Potter Stewart, Byron R. White None (John Paul Stevens did not…

1 minute read

Charles Harrelson Trial: 1982-83 - Chagra Testifies For Prosecution, Harrelson Alleges Complicated Set-up, Verdicts And Convictions, Harrelson's Son Funds Appeal

Defendants: Charles Voyde Harrelson, Jo Ann Starr Harrelson, Elizabeth Chagra, Jamiel Chagra Crimes Charged: Charles Harrelson: conspiracy to murder; murder of a federal judge; conspiracy to obstruct justice. Jo Ann Starr Harrelson: conspiracy to obstruct justice. Elizabeth Chagra: conspiracy to murder and conspiracy to obstruct justice; separate indictment on income tax evasion. Jamiel Chagra: se…

3 minute read

Cipollone v. Liggett Group - Significance, Cippolone Dies, But Her Case Proceeds, Related Cases, Joe Camel And The Advertising Controversy

Cipollone v. Liggett Group: 1988 - Cippolone Dies, But Her Case Proceeds, Suggestions For Further Reading

Plaintiff: Estate of Rose Cipollone Defendant: Liggett Group Plaintiff Claims: That the defendant, a cigarette company, was liable for Rose Cipollone's death from cancer because it failed to warn consumers about the dangers of smoking Chief Defense Lawyer: H. Bartow Farr Ill Chief Lawyers for Plaintiff: Alan Darnell, Marc Z. Edell, and Cynthia Walters Judge: H. Lee Sarokin Place: Newark, Ne…

2 minute read

Clark v. Jeter - Significance, New Directions In Family Law, Important Precedents, Impact, Pro And Con: Dna Testing

Cherlyn Clark Gene Jeter That Pennsylvania's six-year statute of limitations for paternity actions violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Evalynn Welling Craig A. McLean Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Anthony M. Kennedy, Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor (writing for the Court), William H. Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia, John Paul Stevens, Byron R. White Non…

1 minute read

Claus Von Bulow Trials: 1982 1985 - Witness Cites Mysterious Vials, New Trial, New Evidence, Suggestions For Further Reading.

Defendant: Claus Von Bulow Crime Charged: Attempted murder Chief Defense Lawyers: First trial: John Sheenan and Herold Price Fahringer; second trial: Thomas P. Puccio and John Sheehan Chief Prosecutors: First trial: Stephen Famiglietti and Susan McGuirl; second trial: Marc DeSisto and Henry Gemma Judges: First trial: Thomas H. Needham; second trial: Corrine Grande Places: First trial: Newport, Rho…

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Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center - Significance, Should Facilities For Mentally Retarded Persons Be Allowed In Neighborhoods?, Further Readings

City of Cleburne Cleburne Living Center That the decision to deny the Cleburne Living Center a zoning permit was constitutional. Earl Luna, Robert T. Miller, Jr., Mary Milford Renea Hicks, Diane Shisk, Caryl Oberman Harry A. Blackmun, Warren E. Burger, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, Byron R. White (writing for the Court) William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall,…

less than 1 minute read

Colorado v. Connelly - Significance, Defendant Heard "voice Of God", No Violation Of Due Process Rights Found, Dissenting Justices Not Unified In Opinion

State of Colorado Francis Barry Connelly The state of Colorado maintained that the statements given by a defendant and admitted during trial were not in violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, although the defendant was mentally ill at the time of his confession. Nathan B. Coats Thomas M. Van Cleave Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist (writing f…

1 minute read

Davis v. Bandemer - Significance, A Political Question?, An Agreeable Test, Inconsistent Results, Impact, Further Readings

Susan J. Davis, et al. Irwin C. Bandemer, et al. That Indiana's 1981 legislative redistricting plan did not unconstitutionally discriminate against Democratic legislators in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment William M. Evans Theodore R. Boehm Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Burger, Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor, Byron R. White (writ…

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Edwards v. Aguillard - Significance, Creationism Act

Edwin W. Edwards, Governor of Louisiana Don Aguillard The Creationism Act was legal. Wendell R. Bird, Special Assistant Attorney General of Georgia Jay Topkis Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr. (writing for the Court), Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., John Paul Stevens, Byron R. White William H. Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia Washington, D.C. 19 June 1987 The Creati…

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Enmund v. Florida - Significance, The Facts Of The Crime, The Legal Process, Degree Of Responsibility, Implications Of Decision

Earl Enmund State of Florida That his death sentence constituted cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments for aiding a felony that ended up a murder, even though he did not participate in the murder or intend for it to happen. James S. Liebman Lawrence A. Kaden Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, John Paul Stevens, Byron R. White …

1 minute read

FALN Terrorist Trial: 1981 - 11 Arrested In Evanston, Federal Charges And Trial, Clinton Grants Clemency, Suggestions For Further Reading

Defendants: Elizam Escobar, Ricardo Jimenez, Adolfo Matos, Alfredo Mendez, Dylcia Noemi Pagan, Alicia Rodriguez, Ida Luz Rodriguez, Luis Rosa, Carlos Alberto Torres, and Carmen Valentin Crimes Charged: Seditious conspiracy, interference with interstate commerce by threats or violence, possession of an unregistered firearm, carrying firearms during the commission of seditious conspiracy and interfe…

2 minute read

Falwell v. Flynt: 1984 - Flynt Duels With Lawyer, Jury Verdict Unprecedented

Plaintiff: Jerry Falwell Defendant: Larry Flynt Plaintiff Claim: That an ad parody published in Hustler magazine was libelous and intended to cause Jerry Faiwell emotional distress Chief Defense Lawyers: David 0. Carson, Alan Isaacman, and Arthur P. Strickland Chief Lawyers for Plaintiff: Jeffrey H. Daichman, Norman Roy Grutman, and Harold H. Rhodes, Jr. Judge: James C. Turk Place: Roanoake, Virgi…

2 minute read

Federal Election Commission v. National Conservative Political Action Committee - Significance, Political Contributions, Extensive Spending, Unconstitutional Political Spending Limitations, No Right To Spend

Federal Election Commission National Conservative Political Action Committee et al. That the National Conservative Political Action Committee violated the Presidential Election Campaign Fund Act by exceeding the $1,000 spending limit to support the election of a presidential candidate. Charles N. Steele Robert R. Sparks, Jr. Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Burger, Sandra Day …

1 minute read

Fells Acres Sexual Abuse Trials: 1986-87 - What Went On At Day Care?, Gerald's Trial, Mother And Daughter On Trial

Defendants: Gerald Amirault, Violet Amirault, Cheryl Amirault LeFave Crimes Charged: Sexual abuse (including rape and indecent assault) Chief Defense Lawyers: First Trial: Juliane Balliro, Frank Mondano; Second Trial: Joseph Balliro, Juliane Balliro Chief Prosecutors: Both Trials: Patricia Bernstein, Laurence Hardoon Judges: First Trial: Elizabeth Dolan; Second Trial: John Paul Sullivan Place: Cam…

1 minute read

Firefighters Local Union No. v. Stotts (1784 ) - Significance, Further Readings

Firefighters Local Union No. 1784 Carl W. Stotts, et al. That a court-ordered injunction resulting in a layoff plan which protected African American employees from layoffs and took precedence over a previous policy of "first hired, last fired" was inappropriate. Richard B. Fields Allen S. Blair Warren E. Burger, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, John Paul Stevens, By…

1 minute read

California First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale v. County of Los Angeles - Decision, Significance, Impact

First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale County of Los Angeles, California The "interim ordinance" adopted by the County of Los Angeles denied the appellant's right to use of his property and violated the Just Compensation Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Michael M. Berger Jack R. White William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist (writing for t…

1 minute read

Florida v. Royer - Significance, Impact

State of Florida Mark Royer Dade County detectives did not violate Royer's Fourth Amendment rights when they detained him in an airport and opened his luggage to find illegal drugs. Calvin L. Fox Theodore Klein William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., John Paul Stevens, Byron R. White (writing for the Court) Harry A. Blackmun, Warren E. Burger, Sandra Day O'Connor, William…

1 minute read

Ford v. Wainwright - Significance, Ruling On Insanity, Cruel And Unusual Punishment?, Deciding On Insanity, Implications Of The Forddecision

Alvin Bernard Ford Louie L. Wainwright, Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections That because Alvin Ford had become insane awaiting execution on death row, according to the Eighth Amendment, it would be cruel and unusual punishment to execute him; and that the way that Ford's sanity had been determined under Florida state law was a violation of Ford's right to due process under the Fourteenth …

1 minute read

Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority - Background To Dispute, Case Goes To The U.s. Supreme Court, Four Justices Dissent

Joe G. Garcia San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, et al. That the San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (SAMTA) owed their employees overtime pay according to the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Laurence Gold William T. Coleman, Jr. Harry A. Blackmun (writing for the Court), William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, John Paul Stevens, Byron R. White Warren E. Burger, Sandra Day O'C…

less than 1 minute read

Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court for the County of Norfolk - Significance, The Right To Privacy Vs. The Public's Right To Know, Protecting Minors From Trauma

Globe Newspaper Company Superior Court for the County of Norfolk, Massachusetts That it had the right to attend the rape trial in which the three witnesses claiming to be raped were 16 and 17 years old, despite a Massachusetts state law mandating that all sex-crime trials involving victims under 18 be closed to the public. James F. McHugh Mitchell J. Sikora, Jr., Assistant Attorney General of Mass…

1 minute read

Goldman v. Weinberger - Significance, The Government's Interest In Defense, A Passionate Dissent, Impact

S. Simcha Goldman Caspar W. Weinberger, U.S. Secretary of Defense, et al. That the U.S. Air Force regulations on uniform dress preventing petitioner from wearing a yarmulke while on duty violate his First Amendment right to free exercise of religion, and that the Supreme Court reverse the U.S. Court of Appeals prior ruling that strict enforcement of Air Force regulations is permissible. Nathan Lew…

1 minute read

Grand Rapids School District v. Ball - Significance, Separating Public And Religious Education, Taking The Lemon Test, The End Of A Symbolic Union

Grand Rapids School District, Michigan Six Grand Rapids, Michigan, taxpayers That two local public-school programs, Shared Time and Community Education, violated the separation of church and state called for in the First Amendment by using public funds to support courses offered in religious schools. Kenneth F. Ripple, Special Assistant Attorney General of Michigan A. E. Dick Howard Harry A. Black…

1 minute read

Grusendorf v. City of Oklahoma City - Significance, Tenth Circuit Finds City's Policy Reasonable, Impact, Further Readings

Hartford Wells Fargo Trial: 1988-89 - The Perfect Crime?, Background To The Robbery, Trial Focuses On Conspiracy, Mystery And Controversy Linger On

Defendants: Antonio Camacho Negron, Juan E. Segarra Palmer, Roberto J. Maldonado Rivera, Carlos M. Ayes Suarez, Norman Ramirez Talavera Crimes Charged: A 17-count indictment that included charges of conspiracy in belonging to a corrupt organization, planning a robbery, transporting the stolen money across state lines, helping the robber to escape, and laundering the money Chief Defense Lawyers: Ju…

1 minute read

Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff - Significance, Supreme Court Rules That Public Purpose, Not Public Use, Determines Constitutionality Of A Government Taking Of Land

Hawaii Housing Authority Frank E. Midkiff That the Hawaii Land Reform Act of 1967, which uses condemnation procedures to redistribute landholdings, violates the Fifth Amendment requirement that government takings must be for public use. Lawrence H. Tribe Clinton R. Ashford Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Burger, Sandra Day O'Connor (writing for the Court), Lewis F. Powell, Jr…

less than 1 minute read

Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier - Significance, Privacy And The Right To Respond, At The Schoolhouse Gate, A Better Civics Lesson

Hazelwood School District in St. Louis County, Missouri; various school officials; Robert Eugene Reynolds, principal of Hazelwood East High School; Howard Emerson, a teacher in the district Three former Hazelwood East students who were staff members of Spectrum, the school newspaper That the Court should overturn a lower court decision holding that the students' First Amendment rights were violate…

1 minute read

et al. Heckler v. Mathews - Question Of Gender Based Classification, Individual Rights And Congressional Intent, Circumvention Of Legislative Intent, Impact

Margaret M. Heckler, Secretary of Health and Human Services Robert H. Mathews, et al. By permitting a brief, five-year exclusion period which temporarily revived gender-based discrimination in awarding retiree benefits to spouses, the Social Security Act, as amended in 1977, did not violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Mark L. Levy John R. Benn Harry A. Blackmun, William J. …

1 minute read

Hishon v. King - Significance

Elizabeth Anderson Hishon King & Spalding, an Atlanta, Georgia, law firm That Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 did not apply to the selection of partners for partnerships. Emmet J. Bondurant II Charles Morgan, Jr. Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Burger (writing for the Court), Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, John Pa…

less than 1 minute read

Horton v. Goose Creek Independent School District - Significance, Search And Seizure In The Schools, Further Readings

Robert Horton, Heather Horton, Sandra Sanchez, on their own behalf and on behalf of all other students in the Goose Creek School District Goose Creek Independent School District That drug-sniffing dogs violated the students' Fourth Amendment rights. Arthur Val Perkins, Stefan Presser Richard A. Peebles John M. Wisdom, Carolyn Dineen Randall, Albert Tate, Jr. U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, N…

less than 1 minute read

Hudson v. Palmer - Significance, Impact, Do Prison Inmates Have Rights?

Ted S. Hudson Russel Thomas Palmer, Jr. Privacy rights and protection against unreasonable search and seizure under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment cannot be extended to prison inmates. Such expectations are inconsistent with effective prison administration in correctional centers. William G. Broaddus Deborah C. Wyatt Warren E. Burger (writing for the Court), Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powe…

1 minute read

Hustler Magazine Inc. v. Falwell - Significance, Political Cartoons Or Parodies

Hustler Magazine, Inc., et al. Jerry Falwell Under the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, a public figure cannot recover damages for intentional infliction of emotional distress caused by a magazine's publication of an advertisement parody that used the figure's name and likeness. Alan L. Isaacson Norman Roy Grutman Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O…

1 minute read

Illinois v. Gates - Significance, The Exclusionary Rule, Invalid Warrant, Hints Of New Stance On Exclusionary Rule, Decision, "with Apologies"

Illinois v. Lafayette - Significance, Further Readings

State of Illinois Ralph Lafayette The Fourth Amendment does not prohibit the search of an arrestee's personal knapsack and closed containers contained therein as part of a routine inventory search conducted while as the arrestee is being booked into jail. Michael A. Ficaro Peter A. Carusona Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Burger (writing for the Court), Thurgood Marshall, San…

1 minute read

Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha - Significance, Further Readings

Immigration and Naturalization Service Jagdish Rai Chadha The court of appeals ruling that the legislative veto was an unconstitutional violation of the separation of powers was incorrect. Rex E. Lee, U.S. Solicitor General Alan B. Morrison Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Burger (writing for the Court), Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., John Paul S…

less than 1 minute read

In the Matter of Baby M - Significance, The Trial Begins, "by These Standards, We Are All Unfit Mothers", New Jersey Supreme Court's Opinion

Mary Beth Whitehead William and Elizabeth Stern That the surrogacy contract was invalid and conflicted with parental rights and adoption statutes. Harold Cassidy, Randy Wolf Gary Skoloff Robert Clifford, Marie L. Garibaldi, Alan B. Handler, Daniel O'Horn, Stewart G. Pollock, Gary S. Stein, Robert N. Wilentz (writing for the court) None Trenton, New Jersey 3 February 1988 The New Jersey Supreme Cou…

less than 1 minute read

In the Matter of Baby M: 1987 - A Child Is Born, And Plans Go Away, Whitehead Gets Support, Supreme Court Of New Jersey Overrules

Plaintiffs: William and Elizabeth Stern Defendant: Mary Beth Whitehead Plaintiff Claim: That Whitehead—who had entered a "Surrogate Parenting Agreement," become pregnant via artificial insemination with William Stern's sperm, and delivered his and her own biological child—ought to be forced to give up the baby Chief Defense Lawyers: Harold Cassidy and Randy Wolf …

2 minute read

Island Trees Union Free School District Board of Education v. Pico - Significance, Related Cases

Steven A. Pico, by his next friend, Frances Pico et al. Board of Education, Island Trees Union Free School District No. 26 et al. That the Island Trees School System Board of Education was violating the First Amendment by banning books from the school libraries. Alan H. Levine George W. Lipp, Jr. Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr. (writing for the Court), Thurgood Marshall, John Paul Steve…

1 minute read

Jack Henry Abbott Trial: 1982 - Book Not Admissible, Just Like The Book

Defendant: Jack Henry Abbott Crime Charged: Murder Chief Defense Lawyer: Ivan S. Fisher Chief Prosecutor: James H. Fogel Judge: Irving Lang Place: New York, New York Dates of Trial: January 4-21, 1982 Verdict: Guilty of first-degree manslaughter Sentence: 15 years to life imprisonment SIGNIFICANCE: The outrage that surrounded Jack Abbott's trial was deep and understandable. Public opinion t…

1 minute read

Joel Steinberg Trial: 1988-89 - A Deadly Relationship, Cocaine Rage

Defendant: Joel Steinberg Crime Charged: Murder Chief Defense Lawyers: Ira London and Adrian DiLuzio Chief Prosecutors: Peter Casolaro and John McCusker Judge: Harold Rothwax Place: New York, New York Dates of Trial: October 25, 1988-January 30, 1989 Verdict: Guilty, First degree manslaughter Sentence: 8½-25 years SIGNIFICANCE: New York's first-ever televised murder trial held the inte…

2 minute read

John DeLorean Trial: 1984 - Top-notch Lawyer, Witness Sensation

Defendant: John DeLorean Crime Charged: Drug trafficking Chief Defense Lawyers: Howard Weitzman, Donald Re Chief Prosecutors: James P. Walsh Jr, Robert Parry Judge: Robert Takasugi Place: Los Angeles, California Date of Trial: April 18-August 16, 1984 Verdict: Not guilty SIGNIFICANCE: Dubious government witnesses and the ethics of "sting" operations in general were on trial as much a…

1 minute read

John Demjanjuk Denaturalization Trial: 1981 - Holocaust Survivors Testify, Sentenced To Death

Defendant: John Demjanjuk Crime Charged: Illegal procurement of U.S. citizenship Chief Defense Lawyer: John Martin Chief Prosecutors: Norman Moskowitz and George Parker Judge: Frank Battisti Place: Cleveland, Ohio Dates of Trial: February 10-June 23, 1981 Verdict: Guilty Sentence: U.S. naturalization revoked SIGNIFICANCE: The denaturalization trial of accused war criminal John Demjanjuk marked the…

1 minute read

John Hinckley Trial: 1982 - Stalking Gunman Fires Six Shots, Just How Mad?

Defendant: John W. Hinckley, Jr. Crime Charged: Attempted murder Chief Defense Lawyers: Lon Babby, Gregory Craig, Vincent Fuller, and Judith Miller Chief Prosecutors: Roger Adelman and Robert Chapman Judge: Barrington Parker Place: Washington, D.C. Dates of Trial: April 27-June 21, 1982 Verdict: Not guilty by reason of insanity SIGNIFICANCE: The insanity plea has always been a gray area with lawye…

1 minute read

Johnny Volpato Trials: 1981 1986 - A Robbery Gone Wrong Or A Planned Murder?, A Troubled Marriage, New Witnesses Testify In Second Trial

Defendant John S. "Johnny" Volpato Crime Charged: Murder Chief Defense Lawyer: Dick A. Blenden Chief Prosecutor: Ernest Carroll Judge: Bill Sadler Place: Carlsbad, New Mexico Dates of Trials: First Trial: September-October, 1981; Second Trial: October 1986 Verdict: First Trial: Guilty; Second Trial: Not guilty Sentence: First Trial: life with no parole for 30 years SIGNIFICANCE: Witn…

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Johnson v. Transportation Agency - Significance, Related Cases, Further Readings

Karcher v. Daggett - Significance, No Rationale For Deviation Found, Feldman Plan Found Flawed, Minority Opinion, Impact

Alan Karcher, Speaker, New Jersey Assembly Daggett, et al. Gerrymandering by the controlling Democratic Party of the New Jersey legislature did not violate the U.S. Constitution because it relied on "good faith" criteria for legislative redistricting and protected minority voting rights. Kenneth J. Guido, Jr. Bernard Hellring Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr. (writing for the Court), Thur…

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Kolender v. Lawson - Significance, Impact

William Kolender, et al. Edward Lawson It is not a violation of constitutional due process rights to require that persons who loiter or wander on the streets account for their presence and provide a "credible and reliable" identification when requested by a police officer. A. Wells Petersen Mark D. Rosenbaum Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Burger, Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Da…

1 minute read

Lassiter v. Department of Social Services - Significance, Further Readings

Abby Gail Lassiter Department of Social Services of Durham County, North Carolina Because she was indigent, the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause dictated that the state provide her with counsel. Leowen Evans Thomas Russell Odom Warren E. Burger, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, Potter Stewart (writing for the Court), Byron R. White Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Th…

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AFL-CIO C.L.C.v. City of Cleveland Local Number International Association of Firefighters (93,) - Significance, Further Readings

Local Number 93, International Association of Firefighters, AFL-CIO, C.L.C., et al. City of Cleveland, on behalf of local officials That the city of Cleveland and various local officials discriminated on the basis of race and national origin in the hiring, assignment, and promotion of firefighters within the Cleveland Fire Department. Edward R. Stege, Jr. John D. Maddox Harry A. Blackmun, William …

1 minute read

Lockhart v. McCree - Significance, The Lower Courts Rule, The Majority's Argument, The Dissent, Related Cases

A. L. Lockhart Ardia V. McCree That the removal of prospective jurors who oppose the death penalty is a violation of a defendant's constitutional rights. John Steven Clark Samuel R. Gross Harry A. Blackmun, Warren E. Burger, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist (writing for the Court), Byron R. White William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, John Paul Stevens Washingto…

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Lynch v. Donnelly - Significance, Public Religious Displays, Further Readings

Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protection Association - Significance, The Majority Opinion, The Dissent, Impact, Further Readings

Richard E. Lyng, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Northwest Indian Cemetery Protection Association, et al. Construction of a road and harvesting of timber through areas held sacred by Native American was in violation of their rights under the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment and also in violation of various federal statutes. Andrew J. Pincus Marilyn B. Miles Sandra Day O'Connor (writing fo…

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Margaret Kelly Michaels Trial and Appeal: 1987 1993 - From Questions To Indictments, Michaels On Trial, A Legal Rescue, Suggestions For Further Reading

Defendant: Margaret Kelly Michaels Crimes Charged: Aggravated sexual assault, sexual assault, endangering the welfare of children, and terroristic threats Chief Defense Lawyers: Harvey Meltzer and Robert Clark Chief Prosecutors: Glenn Goldberg and Sara Sencer McArdle Judge: William A. Harth Chief Lawyers for Appeal: Morton Stavis and William Kunstler Chief Prosecutor: Clifford Minor Place: Newark,…

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Marsh v. Chambers - Significance, Is There An American Civil Religion?, A Nation In Change, Impact, Further Readings

Frank Marsh, Nebraska State Treasurer, et al. Ernest Chambers That prayer led by a publicly paid chaplain to open Nebraska legislature sessions should not be found in violation of the First Amendment's Establishment Clause due to its historical and secular role. Shanler D. Cronk Herbert J. Friedman Harry A. Blackmun, Warren E. Burger (writing for the Court), Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, J…

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Martinez v. Bynum - Significance, An 8-1 Decision, Marshall Dissents, Impact, Related Cases

Oralia Martinez Raymond L. Bynum The Texas Education Code 21.031(d) violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because it denied tuition-free public schooling to minors who were living away from a "parent, guardian, or other person having lawful control of him" for the sole purpose of attending "public, free schools" in the state of Texas. Edward J. Tuddenham Richard L. Arnet…

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Maryland v. Garrison - Significance, Latitude For Honest Mistakes Made By Officers, Evidence Against The Victim Of Police Error Should Not Be Used

State of Maryland Garrison That evidence taken from Garrison's apartment should not be suppressed even though the police officers used an overbroad warrant. Stephen H. Sacks, Attorney General of Maryland Gerald A. Kroop Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia, John Paul Stevens (writing for the Court), Byron R. White Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr…

1 minute read

Massachusetts v. Sheppard - Significance, The Court Applies The Good Faith Rule, Excluded Evidence Can Still Be Used In Court

State of Massachusetts Osborne Sheppard That evidence found and used against Osborne Sheppard should not be suppressed because it was gathered using a defective warrant. Barbara A. H. Smith John Reinstein Harry A. Blackmun, Warren E. Burger, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, John Paul Stevens, Byron R. White (writing for the Court) William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood M…

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McCleskey v. Kemp - Significance, Further Readings

McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission - Significance, Talley V. California, Regulation Of The Electoral Process, "exacting Scrutiny", . . . Or Perhaps Not

Joseph McIntyre, Executor of the Estate of Margaret McIntyre Ohio Elections Commission That 3599.09(A) of the Ohio Code violates the right to free speech under the First Amendment. David Goldberger Andrew I. Sutter Stephen Breyer, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Anthony M. Kennedy, Sandra Day O'Connor, David H. Souter, John Paul Stevens (writing for the Court), Clarence Thomas William H. Rehnquist, Antonin S…

1 minute read

McMartin Preschool Trials: 1987-90 - Mother Calls In The Police, Parents Demand Action, Rewarded For "right" Answers, Paranoid Schizophrenic

Defendants: First trial: Raymond Buckey and Peggy Buckey; second trial: Raymond Buckey Crimes Charged: Child abuse and conspiracy Chief Defense Lawyers: Raymond Buckey: Daniel G. Davis; Peggy Buckey: Dean R. Gits Chief Prosecutors: First trial: Roger Gunson, Ira Reiner, and Lael Rubin; second trial: Joseph Martinez Judges: First trial: William R. Pounders; second trial: Stanley M. Weisberg Place: …

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Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson - Case Background, The Application Of Title Vii, Related Cases, How Sexual Harassment Is Determined

Meritor Savings Bank Mechelle Vinson That the Civil Rights Act of 1964 limits discrimination in the workplace to that which results in economic injury. F. Robert Troll, Jr. Patricia J. Barry Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Burger, Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist (writing for the Court), John Paul Stevens, Byron R. White None …

1 minute read

Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County - Significance, The California Supreme Court's Ruling, The U.s. Supreme Court's Ruling

Michael M. Superior Court of Sonoma County That the California "statutory rape" statute unlawfully discriminated on the basis of gender. Gregory F. Jilka Sandy R. Kriegler Harry A. Blackmun, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist (writing for the Court), Antonin Scalia William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, John Paul Stevens, Byron R. White Washington, D.C. 23 March 1…

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Michigan v. Long - Significance, Deciding The Court's Jurisdiction, Reaction To The "plain Statement" Rule

Michigan v. Summers - Significance, Detention While Search Is Conducted Is Reasonable, An Unwarranted Extension Of Terry, Impact

State of Michigan George Summers That a valid warrant to search a person's home also allows the police officers conducting the search to detain the homeowner while the search is being conducted. Timothy A. Baughman Gerald M. Lorence Harry A. Blackmun, Warren E. Burger, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, John Paul Stevens (writing for the Court), Byron R. White William J. Brennan, Jr., Thu…

1 minute read

Minneapolis Star v. Minnesota Commissioner of Revenue - Significance, Equal Treatment Of The Press, Benefit Or Burden?, Impact

Minneapolis Star & Tribune Company Minnesota Commissioner of Revenue That a state special tax assessment on ink and paper used in publication of the Star Tribune newspaper violated freedom of the press. Lawrence C. Brown Paul R. Kempainen, Special Assistant Attorney General of Minnesota Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Burger, Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor (writing fo…

1 minute read

Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan - Significance, Vestiges Of Old South, "minimal Scrutiny", "intermediate Scrutiny", O'connor Rejects University's Arguments

Mississippi University for Women Joe Hogan That the state-supported school's nursing program did not violate gender-equity statutes, and it could continue its single-sex admission policy. Hunter M. Gholson Wilbur O. Colom William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor (writing for the Court), John Paul Stevens, Byron R. White Harry A. Blackmun, Warren E. Burger, Lewis F. Powell, J…

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Morrison v. Olson - Significance, The Creation Of The Independent Counsel, "how The Act Works In Practice", An "inferior" Officer

Alexia Morrison Theodore B. Olson, et al. That Title VI the Ethics in Government Act of 1978, which established a special court and authorized the attorney general of the United States to recommend that the court appoint an independent counsel to investigate wrongdoing by federal officials, was not in violation of the Appointments Clause, or the principle of separation of powers, in the Constituti…

1 minute read

Mueller v. Allen - Significance, Tax Breaks For All--in Theory, Applying The "lemon Test", A Strong Dissent

Van D. Mueller and June Noyes Clyde E. Allen, Minnesota Commissioner of Revenue That a Minnesota statute allowing parents to deduct certain school expenses on their state income tax promoted religious schooling, violating the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. William I. Kampf Douglas C. Blomgren Warren E. Burger, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist (writing f…

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Mumia Abu-Jamal Trial: 1982 - Black Panther Activist, Trial Begins, Defendant Absent, Was There Another Shooter?, The Verdict

Defendant: Mumia Abu-Jamal Crime Charged: Murder Chief Defense Lawyers: Anthony Jackson (trial); Leonard I. Weinglass (posttrial, since 1992) Chief Prosecutor: Joseph J. McGill Judge: Albert Sabo Place: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Dates of Trial: June 15-July 2, 1982 Verdict: Guilty Sentence: Execution SIGNIFICANCE: The trial of Mumia Abu-Jamal raises a number of questions that jurisprudence must f…

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New Bedford Rape Trial: 1984 - Who's On Trial?, Verdicts And Sentencing, Suggestions For Further Reading:

Defendants: John Cordeiro, Jose M. Medeiros, Virgilio Medeiros, Victor Raposo, Daniel Silva, and Joseph Vieira Crime Charged: Aggravated Rape Chief Defense Lawyers: Edward F. Harrington, Judith Lindahl, Kenneth Sullivan, and David Waxier Chief Prosecutors: Ronald A. Pina and Raymond P. Veary Judge: William G. Young Place: Fall River, Massachusetts Dates: February 23-March 21, 1984 Verdicts: Cordei…

2 minute read

New Jersey v. T.L.O. - Significance, Do Students Have The Same Right To Protection Against Unreasonable Search?

T.L.O. New Jersey That her Fourth Amendment rights regarding search and seizure had been violated. Lois De Julio Allan J. Nodes Harry A. Blackmun, Warren E. Burger, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, Byron R. White (writing for the Court) William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, John Paul Stevens Washington, D.C. 15 January 1985 Her Fourth Amendment rights had not …

1 minute read

New York v. Belton - Significance, Impact

State of New York Roger Belton During a lawful arrest of persons riding in an automobile, it is constitutional for the arresting police officer to conduct a warrantless search of the passenger compartment of the arrested person's vehicle and any containers contained therein, and it is constitutional for the arresting officer to search, without a warrant, through an arrestee's jacket. James R. Harv…

1 minute read

New York v. Ferber - Significance, Speech Unworthy Of Protecting, A New Speech Category, Impact, Further Readings

State of New York Paul Ira Ferber That a state law restricting the sales and distribution of films and photographs containing children in sexually explicit scenes does not violate the First Amendment's protection of free speech. Robert M. Pitler Harold Price Fahringer Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Burger, Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William…

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New York v. Quarles - Significance, Miranda Warnings Inadequate, A Compelling Exception, Impact, Self-incrimination Clause

State of New York Benjamin Quarles A police officer's failure to provide Miranda warnings before questioning the respondent about incriminating evidence did not violate Fifth Amendment rights, as the delay was justified in the interest of public safety. Steven J. Rappaport Steven A. Hyman Harry A. Blackmun, Warren E. Burger, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist (writing for the Court), Byron…

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Nix v. Whiteside - Significance, Overview, Whiteside's Crime And Defense, A Unanimous Decision, Federal District Court

Crispus Nix, Warden Emanuel Charles Whiteside That even though Emanuel Whiteside's attorney dissuaded him from giving false testimony and warned him that he would withdraw if Whiteside insisted on perjuring, Whiteside nonetheless received a fair trial and effective legal representation, suffering no violation of his the Sixth Amendment right to counsel. Brent R. Appel Patrick Reilly Grady Harry A.…

1 minute read

Nix v. Williams - Significance, Supreme Court Approves Inevitable Discovery Exception, Dissenters Feel Exclusionary Rule Is Undermined, Exclusionary Rule Offends Law And Order Supporters

Crispus Nix Robert Anthony Williams That evidence pertaining to the discovery of a body was properly admitted because it would have ultimately been discovered, even if the defendant's right to counsel had not been violated. Also that the state need not prove the absence of bad faith in securing the evidence. Brent R. Appel Robert Bartels Warren E. Burger (writing for the Court), Harry A. Blackmun,…

1 minute read

Nixon v. Fitzgerald - Significance, The Lower Court Decisions, The Court's Decision, The President Above The Law?

Nollan v. California Coastal Commission - Significance, Mr. And Mrs. Nollan Build Their Dream Home, Limits On The State's Power To Take

James and Marilyn Nollan California Coastal Commission That a stipulation by the California Coastal Commission, whereby the appellant was required to grant the public an easement to pass across their beachfront property, constituted a violation of the Takings Clause in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. Robert K. Best Andrea Sheridan Ordin, Chief Assistant Attorney General of California Sandra D…

1 minute read

Northern Pipeline Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co. - Significance, Three Acceptable Categories, Bankruptcy

Northern Pipeline Co. Marathon Pipe Line Co. That an appellate court ruling that non-Article III bankruptcy courts are unconstitutional should be dismissed. John L. Devney Melvin I. Orenstein Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr. (writing for the Court), Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor, William H. Rehnquist, John Paul Stevens Warren E. Burger, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., Byron R. White Washi…

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O'Connor v. Ortega - Significance, Search And Seizure Without Authorization, What Is The Right To Privacy In The Workplace?

Dennis M. O'Connor Mango J. Ortega Hospital officials of Napa State Hospital had reasonable cause to enter and search an employee's private office. Officials were attempting to secure any state property in Mango J. Ortega's office while he was being investigated for mismanagement of his department and for sexual harassment charges. This search did not violate the employee's Fourth Amendment rights…

1 minute read

Oregon v. Elstad - Miranda Warnings, Inadmissible Confessions?, The Second Confession Is Admissible, Dissenting Opinions, Impact, Further Readings

State of Oregon Michael James Elstad The police obtained two confessions from a suspect. The first one was a voluntary admission obtained without Miranda warnings, and the second was a written confession made in full compliance with Miranda warnings. Petitioner claimed that the earlier voluntary admission made his subsequent, written confession inadmissible evidence. David B. Frohnmayer Gary D. Ba…

1 minute read

Pacific Gas Electric Co. v. Energy Resources Commission - "swords Into Plowshares", Pacific Gas Takes On The Energy Commission, An Economic Issue, Not A Safety Issue

Pacific Gas & Electric Company State Energy Resources Conservation and Development Committee of California That two California statutes governing development of nuclear power plants were preempted by the federal Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and were thus invalid under the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution. John R. McDonough Laurence H. Tribe Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Bu…

1 minute read

Palmore v. Sidoti - Significance, Interracial Adoption

Linda Sidoti Palmore Anthony J. Sidoti Depriving a parent of custody because the parent is involved with someone of another race violates the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. Robert J. Shapiro John E. Hawtrey Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Burger (writing for the Court), Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, John P…

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Patterson v. McLean Credit Union - Significance, Court Reconsiders Whether Section 1981 Prohibits Any Private Discrimination, Patterson Overturned, Civil Rights Act Of 1991

Brenda Patterson McLean Credit Union That the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which prohibits racial discrimination in the "making and enforcing" of contracts, covers problems arising from conditions of employment, such as harassment and failure to promote. Julius LeVonne Chambers, Penda D. Hair Roger S. Kaplan, H. Lee Davis, Jr. Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Anthony M. Kennedy (writing fo…

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Pennell v. San Jose - Significance, "hardship Tenants" A Landlord's Hardship?, Impact, Rent Control

Richard Pennell and Tri-County Apartment House Owners Association City of San Jose and City Council of San Jose That the provisions of the San Jose City rent control ordinance violated the Takings Clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments and the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. Harry D. Miller Joan R. Gallo Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurg…

1 minute read

Pennhurst State School Hospital v. Halderman - Significance, The Developmentally Disabled Assistance And Bill Of Rights Act, Further Readings

Pennhurst State School & Hospital Terri Lee Halderman That the federal court cannot award injunctive relief against state officials where the relief is justified through state law. H. Bartow Farr III Thomas K. Gilhool Warren E. Burger, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr. (writing for the Court), William H. Rehnquist, Byron R. White Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshal…

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Philadelphia Newspapers Inc. v. Hepps - Significance, Freedom To Defame, Chilling Effect, Private Citizens And Public Figures, Impact, Shield Laws

Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc., et al. Maurice S. Hepps, et al. That, due to First Amendment freedom of the press protections, a private individual in cases of public interest is responsible to prove accusations of criminal activity printed by a newspaper were false to win a defamation award. David H. Marion Ronald H. Surkin Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Lewis F. Po…

1 minute read

Plyler v. Doe - Significance, Related Cases, Right To A Public Education, Further Readings

J. and R. Doe; certain named and unnamed undocumented alien children, et al. James L. Plyler, et al. That schools admitting children who could not establish that they had come into the United States legally should still receive state funding. Peter D. Roos for J. and R. Doe et al., Peter A. Schey for certain named and unnamed undocumented alien children et al. John C. Hardy for James L. Plyler et …

1 minute read

et al. Posadas de Puerto Rico v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico - A Two-edged Sword, What Constitutes Commercial Speech?, Initial Ruling And A Constitutional Question?

Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates Tourism Company of Puerto Rico, et al. That provisions and implementing regulations of Puerto Rico's Games of Chance Act of 1948 suppressed commercial speech in violation of the First Amendment and the equal protection and due process guarantees of the Constitution. Maria Millagros Soto Lino J. Saldana Warren E. Burger, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., W…

1 minute read

Puerto Rico v. Branstad - The Precedent Of Kentucky V. Dennison, The Case Of Ronald Calder, A Different Era

Puerto Rico Terry Branstad, Governor of Iowa, et al. That the Governor of Iowa was in violation of the Constitution's Extradition Clause for failing to extradite Ronald Calder, a fugitive from justice in Puerto Rico. Lino J. Saldana Brent R. Appel Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall (writing for the Court), Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, …

1 minute read

Pulitzer Divorce Trial: 1982

Plaintiff: Herbert Pulitzer, Jr. Defendant: Roxanne D. Pulitzer Chief Defense Lawyers: Joseph D. Farish, Jr., and Louis L. Williams Chief Lawyers for Plaintiff: Mark T. Luttier and Robert T. Scott Judge: Carl H. Harper Place: Palm Beach, Florida Dates of Trial: September 20-November 9, 1982 Verdict: Divorce granted, and custody of the children awarded to Herbert Pulitzer SIGNIFICANCE: While the Pu…

6 minute read

Pulley v. Harris - Significance

R. Pulley, Warden Robert Alton Harris The failure of the state to provide for a judicial review of the proportionality of his death sentence was unconstitutional and required reversal of the sentence. Michael D. Wellington Anthony G. Amsterdam Harry A. Blackmun, Warren E. Burger, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, John Paul Stevens, Byron R. White (writing for the Cou…

1 minute read

Rankin v. McPherson - "i Hope They Get Him", Pickering And Connick, Comment A Matter Of Public Concern, "simply Violent"

Constable Walter Rankin Ardith McPherson That the respondent's dismissal was a reasonable exercise of the government's interest in maintaining an efficient workplace. Billy E. Lee Lloyd N. Cutler Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall (writing for the Court), Lewis F. Powell, Jr., John Paul Stevens William H. Rehnquist, Sandra Day O'Connor, Antonin Scalia, Byron R. White Was…

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Roberts v. U.S. Jaycees - Significance, Rebellion In The Ranks, Never Say Die, The Supreme Court Decides, Exclusive Clubs And Discrimination

Kathryn R. Roberts, Acting Commissioner, Minnesota Department of Human Rights, et al. U.S. Jaycees That Minnesota's Human Rights Act was constitutional and required the Jaycees to admit women as regular members. Richard L. Varco, Jr. Carl D. Hall, Jr. William J. Brennan, Jr. (writing for the Court), Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, John Paul Steve…

1 minute read

Rogers v. Lodge - Significance, The Lower Courts Rule, The Supreme Court Rules, Dissenting Voices

Quentin Rogers, et al. Herman Lodge, et al. That Burke County's election system for county commissioners violated the rights of African American citizens by watering down their voting power. E. Freeman Leverett David F. Walbert Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Burger, Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor, Byron R. White (writing for the Court) Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H…

1 minute read

Rostker v. Goldberg - Significance, President Carter Reactivates The Selective Service System, Validity Of Rostker Questioned, Women And The Selective Service Exemption

Dr. Bernard Rostker, Director of the Selective Service System Robert L. Goldberg That the exemption of women from the registration requirements of the Selective Service System did not violate the Constitution by discriminating between men and women. Wade H. McCree, U.S. Solicitor General Donald L. Weinberg Harry A. Blackmun, Warren E. Burger, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. R…

less than 1 minute read

Saint Francis College v. Al-Khazraji - The Facts Of The Case, The Lower Courts Rule, The Supreme Court Affirms

Saint Francis College et al. Majid Ghaidan Al-Khazraji, etc. That a section of the U.S. Code barring racial discrimination did not apply to persons of Arab ancestry. Nick S. Fisfis Caroline Mitchell Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia, John Paul Stevens, Byron R. White (writing for the Court)…

1 minute read

Santosky v. Kramer - Significance, Further Readings

Schall v. Martin - Significance, Juvenile System Of Justice, Is Teenage Preventive Detention Legal?, Impact, Curfews For Juveniles

Schall, Commissioner of New York City Department of Juvenile Justice Gregory Martin, Luis Rosario, Kenneth Morgan That pretrial preventive detention of juveniles under New York's Family Court Act does not violate the "fundamental fairness" requirement of the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause. Judith A. Gordon, Assistant Attorney General of New York Martin Guggenheim Harry A. Blackmun, Warr…

less than 1 minute read

Selective Service v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group - Significance, Uncle Sam And Eligible Young Men, Questions Of Punitive Intent And Compulsion, Marshall's Dissent: "a De Facto Classification Based On Wealth"

Selective Service System of the United States Minnesota Public Interest Research Group, et al. That section 12(f) of the Military Selective Service Act did not constitute a bill of attainder or a violation of the Fifth Amendment protection against compelled self-incrimination. Rex E. Lee, U.S. Solicitor General William J. Keppel Warren E. Burger (writing for the Court), Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis …

1 minute read

Silkwood v. Kerr-McGee - Significance, Near Disaster, Commercial Nuclear Energy

Estate of Karen Silkwood Kerr-McGee Nuclear Company Damages for negligence leading to the plutonium contamination of Karen Silkwood. Gerald Spence, Arthur Angel, James Ikard Elliott Fenton, John Griffin, Jr., Larry D. Ottoway, William Paul, L. E. Stringer, Bill J. Zimmerman Frank G. Theis Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 18 March 1979 Defendant was found negligent and was ordered to pay $505,000 actual dam…

less than 1 minute read

Solem v. Helm - The Origins Of Proportional Punishment, The Case Of Jerry Helm, Mixed Messages, Lingering Problems

Herman Solem, Warden Jerry Buckley Helm That according to South Dakota law repeat felons must serve life in prison without parole. Helm had been convicted of six crimes prior to his conviction for writing a bad check for $100. Mark V. Meierhenry John J. Burnett Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Lewis F. Powell, Jr. (writing for the Court), John Paul Stevens Warren E. B…

1 minute read

South Dakota v. Dole - Significance, Legal Drinking Age, A Four-part Test, Dissent: 158 Attempts To Regulate

State of South Dakota Elizabeth Dole, U.S. Secretary of Transportation That a law withholding federal highway funds from states which did not adopt a minimum drinking age of 21 years was in violation of the Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution, and of constitutional limits on the spending power of Congress. Roger A. Tellinghuisen, Attorney General of South Dakota Cohen, U.S. Deputy Solicitor…

1 minute read

Supreme Court of New Hampshire v. Piper - Rights Of Non-residents, The Privileges And Immunities Of United States Citizens, Variety Of Opinions

Supreme Court of New Hampshire Kathryn A. Piper That the New Hampshire state law limiting admission to the bar to residents did not violate the Constitution's Privileges and Immunities Clause. Martin L. Gross Jon Meyer Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Burger, Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr. (writing for the Court), John Paul Stevens, Byron R. White…

1 minute read

Supreme Court of Virginia v. Friedman - Significance, Higher Courts' Decisions, Higher Courts' Decisions Affirmed, Impact, Privileges And Immunities Clause: Residency Requirements

Supreme Court of Virginia, et al. Myrna E. Friedman, et al. The Virginia Supreme Court Rule 1A:1 required an applicant to be a resident of Virginia for admission to the Virginia Bar. Appellants claimed that this residency requirement did not violate the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the Constitution. Gregory E. Lucyk Cornish F. Hitchcock Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Anthony M.…

1 minute read

Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division - Significance, The Lower Court Rulings, The Supreme Court Decides

Eddie C. Thomas Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division That the Indiana Employment Security Division's refusal to grant unemployment benefits to Thomas, a Jehovah's Witness who quit his job for religious reasons, violated his right to free exercise of religion. Blanca Bianchi de la Torre William E. Daily Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Burger (writing for th…

1 minute read

Thompson v. Oklahoma - A Question Of Age, The Consensus Of Society, Amnesty International On Capital Punishment

William Wayne Thompson State of Oklahoma That Thompson was a child at the time of his crime and should not be subjected to the death penalty. Harry F. Tepker Jr. David W. Lee, Oklahoma Assistant Attorney General Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor, John Paul Stevens (writing for the Court) William H. Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia, Byron R. White (Anthony …

1 minute read

Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists - Significance, Supreme Court Upholds The Right To Abortion, Further Readings

Richard Thornburgh, U.S. Attorney General American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists That new regulations imposed by Pennsylvania on abortion do not unconstitutionally restrict a woman's right to have an abortion. Andrew S. Gordon Kathryn Kolbert Harry A. Blackmun (writing for the Court), William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., John Paul Stevens Warren E. Burger,…

less than 1 minute read

The Trial of Gary Graham: 1981 - Witness Identifies Murderer, The One-day Trial, 20 Years Of Appeals

Defendant: Gary Lee Graham Crime Charged: Murder Chief Defense Lawyers: Ronald G. Mock, Douglas M. O'Brien, and Chester Lash Thornton; on appeals: Richard Burr, Douglas M. O'Brien, Robert C. Owen, Michael E. Tygar, Mandy Welch, Jack B. Zimmermann Chief Prosecutors: John H. Holmes, Jr.; on appeals: Dan Morales Judge: James Richard Travathan Place: Houston, Texas Date of Trial: October…

1 minute read

United States v. Leon - Significance, Further Readings

United States Alberto Antonio Leon Evidence obtained through use of a search warrant subsequently judged to be defective should be admissible in court. Rex E. Lee, U.S. Solicitor General Barry Tarlow, Roger L. Cossack Harry A. Blackmun, Warren E. Burger, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, Byron R. White (writing for the Court) William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshal…

less than 1 minute read

United States v. Paradise - Significance, White Officers Intervene, "narrowly Tailored" Requirement Found Acceptable, Impact

United States Phillip Paradise, Jr. The United States claimed that the anti-race discrimination remedy ordered by the district court violated the Equal Protection Clause under the Fourteenth Amendment. (The court order required a "one-for-one" promotion scheme of one black police officer for every white police officer advanced to the rank of corporal.) Charles Fried, U.S. Solicitor General J. Rich…

1 minute read

United States v. Place - Significance, Impact, Unabomber Caught

United States Raymond J. Place That the government should be allowed to perform search and seizure of baggage without needing to provide probable cause. Alan I. Horowitz James D. Clark Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Burger, Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor (writing for the Court), Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, John Paul Stevens, Edward Douglass White None…

less than 1 minute read

United States v. Ross - Significance, Further Readings

United States Albert Ross, Jr. That police officers, who had properly stopped an automobile and who had probable cause to believe that there were illegal substances in the car, did not violate the Constitution by searching a container in the car without first obtaining a search warrant. Andrew L. Frey William J. Gerber Harry A. Blackmun, Warren E. Burger, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr.,…

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United States v. Salerno - Significance, Background, Rights Of The Community V. Rights Of The Individual, Further Resistance To The Bail Reform Act

United States Anthony Salerno, Vincent Cafaro That the federal court can order someone who presents a danger to others or the community to be held without bail before trial. Charles Fried, U.S. Solicitor General Anthony M. Cardinale Harry A. Blackmun, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist (writing for the Court), Antonin Scalia, Byron R. White William J. Brennan, Jr., Thu…

1 minute read

Valley Forge College v. Americans United - Significance, Taxpayer Standing, Right To Sue, Impact

Valley Forge Christian College Americans United for Separation of Church and State, Inc., et al. That donation of a surplus federal facility to a private sectarian college did not violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. C. Clark Hodgson, Jr. Lee Boothby Warren E. Burger, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., Sandra Day O'Connor, William H. Rehnquist (writing for the Court), Byron R. White Harry A…

1 minute read

Wallace v. Jaffree - Significance, Court Strikes Down "minute Of Silence" Law As Impermissible State Sponsorship Of Religion

George C. Wallace, Governor of Alabama Ishmael Jaffree That public schools can provide students with a minute of silence each day for purposes of meditation or prayer without violating the doctrine of church-state separation. John S. Baker, Jr. Ronnie L. Williams Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., John Paul Stevens (writing for…

less than 1 minute read

Waller v. Georgia - Significance, Seven Days' Suppression For Two-and-a-half Hours Of Evidence

Guy Waller State of Georgia That the state's closure of a hearing to the public constituted a violation of the right to a public trial guaranteed under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments. Herbert Shafer Mary Beth Westmoreland, Assistant Attorney General of Georgia Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr., Warren E. Burger, Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr. (writing fo…

1 minute read

Washington v. Chrisman - Significance, Call For Action, A Bad Time For A Party, Legal Proceedings, The Plain View Rule

State of Washington Chrisman That evidence seized during a warrantless search of the respondent's dormitory room was legally obtained and admissible in court. Ronald R. Carpenter Robert F. Patrick Harry A. Blackmun, Warren E. Burger (writing for the Court), Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell, Jr., William H. Rehnquist, John Paul Stevens William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Byron R. White …

1 minute read

Washington v. Seattle School District - Significance, A Thorny Problem, Resistance To Change, Legal Remedies, The Power Of The State

State of Washington, et al. Seattle School District Number 1, et al. That Initiative 350, a state law prohibiting busing of school children under certain circumstances, was constitutional and binding upon the Seattle school system. Kenneth O. Eikenberry Michael W. Hoge Harry A. Blackmun (writing for the Court), William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, John Paul Stevens, Byron R. White Warren E.…

1 minute read

Wayne Williams Trial: 1981 - Prosecutors Use Microscopic Analysis, Williams Takes The Stand, Suggestions For Further Reading

Defendant: Wayne B. Williams Crime Charged: Murder Chief Defense Lawyers: Alvin Binder and Mary Welcome Chief Prosecutors: Joseph Drolat, Jack Mallard, and Lewis Slaton Judge: Clarence Cooper Place: Atlanta, Georgia Dates of Trial: December 28, 1981-February 27, 1982 Verdict: Guilty Sentence: Life imprisonment SIGNIFICANCE: The trial of the man suspected of being America's worst child-kille…

1 minute read

Weatherman Brinks Trials: 1983 - A Straightforward Case

Defendants: First trial: Cecilio Ferguson and Edward Joseph; second trial: Kuwasi Balagoon, Judith Clark, and David Gilbert Crimes Charged: First trial: Murder, robbery, racketeering, and conspiracy; second trial: Murder and robbery Chief Defense Lawyers: First trial: Jesse Berman, Chowke Lumumba, and William Mogulescu; second trial: The accused Chief Prosecutors: First trial: Robert S. Litt, Stac…

2 minute read

Westmoreland v. CBS: 1984 - Suggestions For Further Reading

Plaintiff: General William C. Westmoreland Defendant: CBS, Inc. Plaintiff Claim: That a certain television documentary broadcast by CBS concerning the conduct of the Vietnam War libeled the plaintiff Chief Defense Lawyers: David Boies and Stuart W. Gold Chief Lawyers for Plaintiff: Dan M. Burt and David M. Dorsen Judge: Pierre N. Leval Place: New York, New York Dates of Trial: October 9, 1984-Febr…

4 minute read

Inc. Westmoreland v. CBS - Significance, Impact, Out Of Court Settlements, Further Readings

Winston v. Lee - Significance, Impact

Andrew J. Winston, County Sheriff; Aubrey M. Davis, Jr. Rudolph Lee, Jr. It is unconstitutional for a state to authorize surgery under general anesthesia on a person to retrieve evidence for a criminal prosecution. Stacy F. Garrett III Joseph Ryland Winston Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan, Jr. (writing for the Court), Warren E. Burger, Thurgood Marshall, Sandra Day O'Connor, Lewis F. Powell,…

1 minute read

Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education - Significance, Further Readings

Wendy Wygant, on behalf of a group of laid-off non-minority teachers Jackson Board of Education That the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was violated by the school district's labor contract under an affirmative action plan,which resulted in minority teachers with less seniority being retained and non-minority teachers with greater seniority being laid off. K. Preston Dade, Jr. …

1 minute read

Youngberg v. Romeo - Significance

Duane Youngberg, Superintendent, Penhurst State School and Hospital, et al. Nicholas Romeo, an incompetent, by his mother, Paula Romeo That the proper standard of liability is the Eighth Amendment, and that the Pennsylvania State Institution properly adhered to the standards of the law in treating the respondent's son, a severely mentally handicapped individual. David H. Allshouse Edmond A. Tiryak…

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