Criminal Justice System

American Bar Association, Section of Criminal Justice. The State of Criminal Justice. Chicago: American Bar Association, 1998.

BECK, ALLEN J. Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 1999. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000. Cited as Beck 2000a in this entry.

——. Prisoners in 1999. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000. Cited as Beck 2000b in this entry.

BONCZAR, THOMAS P., and GLAZE, LAUREN E. Probation and Parole in the United States, 1998. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1999.

BROWN, JODI M.; LANGAN, PATRICK A.; and LEVIN, DAVID J. Felony Sentences in State Courts, 1996. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1999.

Bureau of Justice Statistics. Correctional Populations in the United States, 1995. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1997.

——. Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, 1998. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000.

——. "U.S. Correctional Population Reaches 6.3 Million Men and Women—Represents 3.1 Percent of the Adult U.S. Population." Press release, 23 July 2000.

Cleveland Foundation. Criminal Justice in Cleveland: Reports of the Cleveland Foundation Survey of the Administration of Criminal Justice in Cleveland, Ohio. Cleveland, Ohio: Patterson Smith, 1922.

COLE, GEORGE F., and SMITH, CHRISTOPHER E. Criminal Justice in America. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1996.

DEFRANCES, CAROL J., and LITRAS, MARIKA. Indigent Defense Services in Large Counties, 1999. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000.

DEFRANCES, CAROL J., and STEADMAN, GREG W. Prosecutors in State Courts, 1996. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1998.

EISENSTEIN, JAMES; FLEMMING, ROY B.; and NARDULLI, PETER F. The Contours of Justice: Communities and Their Courts. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1988.

Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime in the United States 1996. Washington, D.C.: Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1997.

——. Crime in the United States 1999: Uniform Crime Reports. Washington, D.C.: Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2000.

FEELEY, MALCOLM M. The Process is the Punishment—Handling Cases in the Lower Court. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1979.

FORST, BRIAN, and MANNING, PETER K. The Privatization of Policing: Two Views. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1999.

FRASE, RICHARD S. "Comparative Criminal Justice as a Guide to American Law Reform: How Do the French Do It, How Can We Find Out, and Why Should We Care?" California Law Review 78 (1990): 539–683.

——. "Sentencing Principles in Theory and Practice." Crime & Justice: A Review of Research 22 (1997): 363–433.

——. "Sentencing Guidelines in Minnesota, Other States, and the Federal Courts: A Twenty-Year Retrospective." Federal Sentencing Reporter 12 (2000): 69–82.

——. Sentencing in Germany and the United States: Comparing Apfels with Apples. Freiburg, Germany: Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law, 2001.

FREEDMAN, MONROE H. "Our Constitutionalized Adversary System." Chapman Law Review 1 (1998): 57–90.

GIFFORD, LEA S. Justice Expenditure and Employment in the United States, 1995. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1999.

HARLOW, CAROLINE WOLF. Defense Counsel in Criminal Cases. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000.

HART, TIMOTHY C., and REAVES, BRIAN A. Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties, 1996. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1999.

LAFAVE, WAYNE R. Arrest: The Decision to Take a Suspect into Custody. Edited by Frank J. Remington. Boston: Little, Brown, 1965.

MAQUIRE, KATHLEEN, and PASTORE, ANN L. Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 1998. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1999.

MILLER, FRANK W. Prosecution: The Decision to Charge a Suspect with a Crime. Edited by Frank J. Remington. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970.

MORRIS, NORVAL. The Future of Imprisonment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.

National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. Criminal Justice System. Washington, D.C.: The Commission, 1973.

National Center for State Courts. State Court Caseload Statistics 1996. Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts, 1997.

——. Examining the Work of State Courts. Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts, 1998.

OHLIN, LLOYD, and REMINGTON, FRANK, eds. Discretion in Criminal Justice: The Tension between Individualization and Uniformity. Albany: State Univ. of N.Y. Press, 1993.

PACKER, HERBERT L. The Limits of the Criminal Sanction. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1968.

PEREZ, JACOB. Offender-Based Transaction Statistics: Tracking Offenders, 1990. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1994.

President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society. Washington, D.C.: The Commission, 1967.

REAVES, BRIAN A., and GOLDBERG, ANDREW L. Campus Law Enforcement Agencies, 1995. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1996.

REAVES, BRIAN A., and GOLDBERG, ANDREW L. Local Police Departments 1997. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000.

REAVES, BRIAN A., and HART, TIMOTHY C. Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 1998. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000.

REITZ, KEVIN R. "Modeling Discretion in American Sentencing Systems." Law & Policy 20 (1998): 389–428.

RENNISON, CALLIE MARIE. Criminal Victimization 1999. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000.

RINGEL, CHERYL. Criminal Victimization 1996. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1997.

ROACH, KENT. "Four Models of the Criminal Process." Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 89 (1999): 671–716.

ROTTMAN, DAVID B., et al. State Court Organization 1998. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000.

SNELL, TRACY L. Capital Punishment 1999. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000.

STEPHAN, JAMES J. State Prison Expenditures, 1996. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1999.

TONRY, MICHAEL, ed. Handbook of Crime and Punishment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

TONRY, MICHAEL, and FRASE, RICHARD S., eds. Sentencing and Sanctions in Western Countries. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

TYLER, TOM R. Why People Obey the Law. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1990.

Vera Institute of Justice. Felony Arrests: Their Prosecution and Disposition in New York City's Courts. New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 1977.

WALKER, SAMUEL. Taming the System: The Control of Discretion in Criminal Justice, 1950–1990. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

ZEISEL, HANS. The Limits of Law Enforcement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.

ZIMRING, FRANKLIN E., and FRASE, RICHARD S. The Criminal Justice System: Materials on the Administration and Reform of the Criminal Law. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1980.

ZIMRING, FRANKLIN E., and HAWKINS, GORDON. The Scale of Imprisonment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.