- The war on drugs dominated the criminal justice system in the 1980s and 1990s until antiterrorism measures took priority. Prisons expanded greatly to hold the large volume of drug offenders apprehended during this period.
- International drug trafficking by organized crime syndicates operating out of Asia and South America rose in prominence in the latter half of the twentieth century.
- By the 1990s many jurisdictions adopted zero-tolerance policies against drug use and trafficking, prostitution on the streets, and gambling in public places. They believed if these lesser crimes were tolerated, then more serious criminal activity would occur as well.
- In the early 2000s Afghanistan was the leading producer of opium.
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