Correctional Reform Associations

American Friends Service Committee. Struggle for Justice. New York: Hill and Wang, 1981.

BARNES, HARRY ELMER. The Repression of Crime. New York: George H. Doran Co., 1926.

BEAUMONT, GUSTAVE, and TOCQUEVILLE, ALEXIS DE. On the Penitentiary System in the United States and its Application in France (1833). Translated by Francis Leiber. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1979.

KRISBERG, BARRY. "The Evolution of an American Institution." Crime and Delinquency 44, no. 1 (1988): 5–8.

MENNEL, ROBERT M. Thorns and Thistles: Juvenile Delinquents in the United States, 1825–1940. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1973.

PICKET, ROBERT S. Houses of Refuge: Origins of Juvenile Reform in New York State, 1815–1857. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University, 1969.

RUSCHE, GEORG, and KIRCHHEIMER, OTTO. Punishment and Social Structure. New York: Columbia University Press, 1939.

SUTTON, JOHN R. Stubborn Children: Controlling Delinquency in the United States, 1640–1981. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.

TOCQUEVILLE, ALEXIS DE. Democracy in America (1835, 1840). Translated by Henry Reeve. Cambridge, U.K.: Sever and Francis, 1862. Revised by Francis Bowen and Philips Bradley. New York: Vintage Books, 1945, 1961.