Abortion - Classical Attitudes And Canon Law, Abortion In English Law, Abortion In American Law: The Nineteenth Century
pregnancy fetus considered question
In criminal law, abortion refers to induced abortion: the intentional destruction of a fetus in the womb, or an untimely delivery brought about with intent to destroy the fetus. An unintended miscarriage, or so-called spontaneous abortion, is not, for legal purposes, an abortion at all. Termination of pregnancy sometimes is used as a synonym for abortion. It is, however, a wider term, since pregnancy can be terminated by live birth: inducing labor, a common obstetrical practice, purposely terminates pregnancy, but would not be considered abortion. Abortion implies killing the fetus. This is what makes it controversial. Probably no contemporary public question has attracted more controversy than the question of whether abortion should be considered a crime or a matter of choice by a pregnant woman about how her body will be used.
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Attitudes towards abortion have varied over time and across cultures. In the ancient world, it was widely practiced, for a number of reasons, as was infanticide. Roman law punished the wife who induced an abortion in order to thwart her husband or conceal an adultery; the harm lay not in killing the child but in depriving the husband of his right to decide whether or not to do so. Plato and Aristo…
Meanwhile, the uncertainty of canon lawyers allowed English law to give its own twist to the concept of animation. In the thirteenth century St. Thomas Aquinas had said that life is manifested principally in two kinds of actions: knowledge and movement. It could be taken to follow that animus, soul, or life, enters the body of the unborn infant when it first moves or stirs in the womb. This became…
In the United States, the common law as stated by Blackstone generally was held to apply until superseded by statute in the nineteenth century. Abortion after quickening was treated as a common law misdemeanor; abortion before quickening was not considered a crime in the vast majority of states; and the liability of the woman who submitted to an abortion was questionable. The first American aborti…
Despite legal prohibition, abortion remained available in the United States, under conditions that varied with time and place. During the 1930s, for instance, at least in large cities, abortion could be readily obtained through referral to private clinics. It was prosecuted, if at all, only when the woman who sought the abortion died. This changed in the 1940s and 1950s. Antiabortion laws were enf…
New York's was the only state abortion law that came close to surviving the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). Roe held unconstitutional a Texas statute, dating from 1857, which prohibited all abortions except those procured on medical advice for the purpose of saving the mother's life. A companion case, Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973), struck dow…
——. "The Phoenix of Abortional Freedom: Is a Penumbral or Ninth-Amendment Right about to Arise from the Nineteenth-Century Legislative Ashes of a Fourteenth-Century Common-Law Liberty?" New York Law Forum 17 (1971): 335–410. …
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