Incapacitation

BLUMSTEIN, ALFRED, and BECK, ALLEN J. "Population Growth in U.S. Prisons, 1980–1996." In Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Vol. 26. Edited by Michael Tonry and Joan Petersilia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. Pages 17–61.

California Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs. Evaluating Recovery Services: The California Drug and Alcohol Treatment Assessment (CALDATA), General Report. Publication No. ADP 94-629. Sacramento, Calif.: California Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs, 1994.

CANELA-CACHO, JOSÉ A.; BLUMSTEIN, ALFRED; and COHEN, JACQUELINE. "Relationship between the Offending Frequency (l) of Imprisoned and Free Offenders." Criminology 35 (1997): 133–175.

CAULKINS, JONATHAN P.; RYDELL, C. PETER; SCHWABE, WILLIAM L.; and CHIESA, JAMES. "Are Mandatory Minimum Drug Sentences Cost-Effective?" Corrections Management Quarterly 2 (1998): 62–73.

CHAIKEN, MARCIA R., and CHAIKEN, JAN. Varieties of Criminal Behavior. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand, 1982.

COHEN, JACQUELINE. "The Incapacitative Effect of Imprisonment: A Critical Review of the Literature." In Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates. Edited by Alfred Blumstein, Jacqueline Cohen, and Daniel S. Nagin. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1977. Pages 187–241.

COHEN, JACQUELINE, and CANELA-CACHO, JOSÉ A. "Incarceration and Violent Crime." In Understanding and Preventing Violence. Consequences and Control. Vol. 4. Edited by A. Reiss and J. F. Roth. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1994. Pages 296–388.

COHEN, JACQUELINE; NAGIN, DANIEL S.; and WASSERMAN, LAWRENCE. Drug Offenders: How Bad Are They? Pittsburgh, Pa.: Carnegie Mellon University, 1994.

——. "Incapacitation as a Strategy for Crime Control: Possibilities and Pitfalls." In Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Vol. 5. Edited by Michael Tonry and Norval Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983. Pages 1–84.

DIIULIO, JOHN J., and PIEHL, ANNE MORRISON. "Does Prison Pay? The Stormy National Debate over the Cost-Effectiveness of Imprisonment." Brookings Review 9, no. 4 (1991): 28–35.

FERGUSON, DAVID M.; HORWOOD, L. JOHN; and NAGIN, DANIEL S. "Offending Trajectories in a New Zealand Birth Cohort." Criminology 38 (2000): 525–551.

GOTTFREDSON, STEPHEN D., and GOTTFREDSON, DON M. "Behavioral Prediction and the Problem of Incapacitation." Criminology 32 (1994): 441–474.

GREENWOOD, PETER W., and ABRAHAMSE, ALLAN. Selective Incapacitation. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand, 1982.

GREENWOOD, PETER W.; MODEL, KARYN E.; RYDELL, C. PETER; and CHIESA, JAMES. Diverting Children from a Life of Crime. Measuring Costs and Benefits. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand, 1990.

LEVITT, STEVEN D. "The Effect of Prison Population Size on Crime Rates: Evidence from Prison Overcrowding Litigation." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 61 (1996): 319–351.

LIEB, ROXANNE; QUINSEY, VERNON; and BERLINER, LUCEY. "Sexual Predators and Social Policy." In Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Vol. 23. Edited by Michael Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Pages 43–114.

MARVELL, THOMAS B., and MOODY, CARLISLE E., JR. "Prison Population Growth and Crime Reduction." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 10 (1994): 109–140.

MOFFITT, TERRIE E. "Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior: A Developmental Taxonomy." Psychological Review 100 (1993): 674–701.

NAGIN, DANIEL S. "Deterrence and Incapacitation." In The Handbook of Crime and Punishment. Edited by Michael Tonry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Pages 345–368.

NAGIN, DANIEL S.; FARRINGTON, DAVID P.; and MOFFIT, TERRIE E. "Life-Course Trajectories of Different Types of Offenders." Criminology 33 (1995): 111–138.

NAGIN, DANIEL S., and LAND, KENNETH C. "Age, Criminal Careers, and Population Heterogeneity: Specification and Estimation of a Nonparametric, Mixed Poisson Model." Criminology 31 (1993): 327–362.

PIEHL, ANN M., and DIIULIO, JOHN J., JR. "Does Prison Pay? Revisited." Brookings Review 13, no. 1 (1995): 20–25.

REISS, ALBERT J. "Co-Offending and Criminal Careers." In Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Vol. 10. Edited by Michael Tonry and N. Morris. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. Pages 117–170.

ROSENFELD, RICHARD. "Patterns in Adult Homicide: 1980–1995." In The Crime Drop in America. Edited by Alfred Blumstein and Joel Wallman. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pages 130–163.

SPELMAN, WILLIAM. "The Limited Importance of Prison Expansion." In The Crime Drop in America. Edited by Alfred Blumstein and Joel Wallman. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pages 97–129.

——. "What Recent Studies Do (and Don't) Tell Us about Imprisonment and Crime." In Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Vol. 27. Edited by Michael Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Pages 419–494.

WOLFGANG, MARVIN E.; FIGLIO, ROBERT M.; and SELLIN, THORSTEN. Delinquency in a Birth Cohort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.

ZIMRING, FRANKLIN E., and HAWKINS, GORDON. Incapacitation. Penal Confinement and the Restraint of Crime. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.

ZIMRING, FRANKLIN E.; HAWKINS, GORDON; and KAMIN, SAM. Punishment and Democracy. Three Strikes and You're Out in California. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.